ASES INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HEALTH AND SPORTS SCIENCES (ISSN: 3023-5723)

The Effect of Healthy Living and Balanced Diet on Cardiovascular Disorders in Patients With Familial Hypercholesterolemia

Mahmut Yasin AY — Fri, 20 Jun 2025 00:00:00 +0300

Familial hypercholesterolemia (FH), which is still underdiagnosed in our age, is one of the important factors of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease risk, which has the highest global mortality rates (Abifadel and Boileau, 2022). It is estimated that one in every 500 people has FH. Therefore, early diagnosis of familial hypercholesterolemia and reducing low-density lipoprotein (LDL) serum plasma values to normal values are very important in preventing cardiovascular diseases that may occur in patients with FH (Brandts and Ray, 2011). Familial hypercholesterolemia generally results from autosomal dominant mutations in low-density lipoprotein receptors (LDL-R), apolipoprotein B (ApoB), Proprotein Convertase Subtilisin/Sharp Type 9 (PCSK9) genes. Familial hypercholesterolemia is among the diseases with high prevalence in the world. In addition, FH can rarely occur due to mutations in apolipoprotein E (ApoE) and low-density lipoprotein receptor adaptor protein (LDRAP1) genes. This anomaly can cause deterioration in serum plasma cholesterol levels, which can manifest as LDL values above normal (Tokgozoglu and Kayikcioglu, 2011). It has been observed that low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) balancing treatments applied to children with FH in the early period are more effective than in later periods of life and can reduce the negative effects of atherosclerosis on cardiovascular disease in adulthood. When lifestyle changes are insufficient with early diagnosis, pharmacological statin treatment that reduces LDL-C values can be applied in the pediatric period, especially in patients with homozygous FH or patients with heterozygous FH (Knipscheer et al., 1996; Stein et al., 1999). It is also thought that healthy nutrition and not smoking are important in reducing the negative effects on cardiovascular disease, along with exercise. However, there are questions in mind about eating a diet low in unsaturated fatty acids (Diamond et al., 2020).

Body Dysmorphic Disorder Compilation on Review

Melike MURATOĞLU , Meryem KARAAZİZ — Fri, 20 Jun 2025 00:00:00 +0300

In this study, a compilation was conducted to examine Body Dysmorphic Disorder (BDD).. Compilation studies in the field of Health Sciences are prepared by integrating current national and international literature, focusing on a specific topic. These studies evaluate the existing body of knowledge, reflect ongoing discussions, and include the perspectives of the author(s).. The aim is to contribute to the increasing need for information on the subject.

The limitations of this study are based on the sources selected from both domestic and foreign literature, as determined by the researcher and client. The findings were obtained using the document analysis technique, a qualitative research method. Data was accessed from Google Scholar and YÖK TEZ sources.

Body Dysmorphic Disorder is defined as an individual’s perception of real or imagined flaws in their physical appearance, which leads to an intense preoccupation with these flaws. This condition causes significant anxiety and a constant effort to correct one’s appearance.

The primary aim of this study was to compile information from current literature on Body Dysmorphic Disorder and to present a comprehensive review on the subject. Research indicates that Body Dysmorphic Disorder significantly affects individuals' perception of their physical appearance and self-esteem. It has been observed that individuals with BDD often dislike themselves both physically and emotionally. Additionally, various therapeutic methods are used in the treatment of BDD, with many clients reporting positive recovery outcomes.

Keywords:Body DysmorphicDisorder, ReviewArticle.

Dissociation (Dissolution) Disorders: A Review on Definition, Symptoms and Treatment Approaches

Lila CEMGÜNAL, Meryem KARAAZİZ — Fri, 20 Jun 2025 00:00:00 +0300

Dissociative disorders are complex and multifaceted mental disorders that affect the individual in many ways. There are types such as dissociative identity disorder, dissociative amnesia, depersonalization and derealization. The aim of this review study is to examine what dissociative disorders are, how they are defined, their symptoms and treatment. In this study, the review method was used and no scale or field study was conducted. In the examination of this study, articles in the Google Scholar database, theses in YÖK Thesis and books on the subject were examined. As a result of the sources examined, it was concluded that dissociative disorders occur due to childhood traumas and there is no definite therapy program. It was concluded that medication and psychotherapy should be used together. In addition, it was among the results of the study that dissociation can be seen not only in dissociative disorders but also with other pathologies. In this context, it is emphasized that early diagnosis and appropriate psychotherapeutic interventions are important and it is recommended to increase research on this subject.

Etiology of Anxiety Disorders: The Role of Genetic and Environmental Factors

Serkan NACAK — Fri, 20 Jun 2025 00:00:00 +0300

The etiology of anxiety disorders is shaped by a complex biological, genetic and environmental interaction. In this context, the study will investigate how genetic factors and environmental stressors work together to determine how individuals' predisposition to anxiety disorders is shaped. The role of genetic factors has been largely explained by twin and family studies. These studies have revealed that anxiety disorders show a familial predisposition and that genetic variations play an important role in the development of these disorders. Genetic factors related to neurotransmitter systems such as serotonin, dopamine and GABA in particular may pave the way for the emergence of anxiety disorders. Genetic variations may affect individuals' sensitivity to environmental stressors, and this may be an important factor in the development of anxiety disorders.

The effect of environmental factors has been associated with negative effects, especially those resulting from stressful life events, traumas and childhood experiences. Negative relationships within the family, traumas experienced at an early age and lack of support in the social environment may increase individuals' predisposition to anxiety disorders. While examining the effect of environmental factors on anxiety disorders, the study will also address the role of individuals' psychological resilience, coping mechanisms and social support systems in this process. In particular, traumatic life events and childhood experiences can increase individuals' predisposition to anxiety disorders.

Another important focus is the interaction of genetic and environmental factors. The study will examine how these factors affect each other and how both factors come together to lead to the development of anxiety disorders. Genetic predisposition, combined with environmental factors, can significantly increase individuals' risk of developing anxiety disorders. For example, an individual who is genetically predisposed to anxiety disorders may be at higher risk when faced with an environmental stressor.

The main purpose of the study is to understand the effects of genetic and environmental factors on anxiety disorders and to provide information about the place of this interaction in treatment processes. Developing personalized approaches to the treatment of anxiety disorders can make the treatment process more effective. In this context, determining the role of genetic and environmental factors is an important step that will allow the creation of individual treatment strategies. In addition, the development of early intervention strategies and approaches to the prevention of anxiety disorders can be designed more healthily and effectively in the light of the data obtained from such studies. The study aims to explain the role of genetic predisposition and environmental factors in the development of anxiety disorders and how these factors interact by compiling scientific research in the literature.

Depression and Anxiety in Multiple Sclerosis: Clinical Findings Related to Psychiatric Disorships

Serkan NACAK — Fri, 20 Jun 2025 00:00:00 +0300

Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is a chronic and progressive neurological disease characterized by demyelination of the central nervous system. MS, which seriously affects the quality of life of patients both physically and psychologically, can negatively affect not only motor and sensory functions but also psychiatric health. Depression and anxiety are psychiatric disorders that are common among MS patients and significantly affect the course of the disease. Studies show that the prevalence of depression in MS patients varies between 30-50% and anxiety is observed in 25-30%. The pathophysiology of MS is associated with the immune system damaging nerve cells and destroying the myelin sheath. This creates significant effects on the central nervous system and can cause functional disorders in brain regions.

Depression is one of the most common psychiatric disorders in MS patients and is observed in 30-50% of patients. It is known that depression worsens the symptoms in MS patients, reduces patients' compliance with treatment, and impairs their general well-being. The relationship between MS and depression is not only related to biological factors but also to psychosocial factors. In particular, the progression of MS and patients' uncertainties about the future can exacerbate depressive symptoms.

Anxiety is the most common psychiatric disorder in MS patients after depression and is usually seen together with depression. The frequency of anxiety in MS patients can directly affect the quality of life of patients. In addition to the damage caused by MS to nerve cells, changes in patients' social lives and uncertainty about the future also play an important role in the emergence of anxiety. Anxiety in MS patients usually manifests itself as worry, restlessness, muscle tension and sleep disorders. These symptoms can significantly complicate patients' daily lives and have negative effects on the treatment process. Therefore, considering psychiatric disorders in the treatment of MS patients is of great importance in terms of the effectiveness of the treatment process.

It can effectively treat depression and anxiety in MS patients. In some studies, these drugs have been found to have a positive effect on mood changes in MS patients. In addition, psychotherapy, especially cognitive behavioral therapy, is used as an important treatment tool in the management of depression and anxiety in MS patients. As a result, depression and anxiety are psychiatric disorders that significantly affect the treatment processes and quality of life of MS patients. These psychiatric symptoms, combined with the neurological effects of MS, can make it difficult for patients to comply with treatment and negatively affect the course of the disease. Early recognition and treatment of depression and anxiety in MS treatment can help improve the general well-being of patients.

This study aims to increase awareness of the need to treat psychiatric disorders by providing a comprehensive review of depression and anxiety in MS patients. It also aims to contribute to the improvement of the general well-being of MS patients by providing important information for the development of more effective methods in the treatment of psychological symptoms.

Reflections of Parents Negative Childhood Experiences on Children’s Anxiety and Attention Levels Within the Context of Family Relationships

Tuba DUMAN, Serkan NACAK — Fri, 20 Jun 2025 00:00:00 +0300

This study is a qualitative review that aims to examine how family relationships, parents’ adverse childhood experiences, and psychological resilience levels are related to children’s attention and anxiety levels. Recent literature highlights that children’s psychological development is not only shaped by individual traits but also by relational dynamics within the family and the psychological history of caregivers. In this context, it is proposed that traumatic childhood experiences of parents can negatively impact their resilience and parenting styles, which in turn may affect children's emotional and cognitive development, including their attention span and anxiety levels.

Within the scope of this review, qualitative studies published between 2010 and 2024 were systematically analyzed from both national and international literature. The focus was placed on research exploring themes such as family interaction patterns, adverse childhood experiences , psychological resilience, attention, and anxiety. Thematic and content analysis methods were used to synthesize and interpret the findings, which were then categorized under meaningful thematic headings.

Findings reveal that positive family communication, supportive parenting, and high parental psychological resilience are associated with increased attention and lower anxiety in children. Conversely, parents who experienced emotional neglect, trauma, or insecure attachment in their own childhoods are more likely to exhibit maladaptive parenting behaviors, which may contribute to attention deficits and heightened anxiety in their children. Psychological resilience emerges as a protective factor for both parents and children in managing stress and emotional regulation.

This qualitative literature review offers a holistic perspective on the psychological mechanisms linking intergenerational experiences with child outcomes. The results underscore the importance of considering both relational and historical dimensions of parenting in psychological assessments and interventions. It is recommended that parent-focused psychoeducational and support programs be developed to strengthen parental resilience and enhance child mental health outcomes.

The Analysis of the Black Swan Movie in the Context of Psychoanalytic Therapy

Ezgi PEK, Fahriye BALKIR — Fri, 20 Jun 2025 00:00:00 +0300

This study examines Darren Aronofsky’s Black Swan through the lens of psychoanalytic theory. The main character Nina’s repressed desires, unconscious conflicts, and identity fragmentation are analyzed using Freud’s structural model of personality (id, ego, superego) and defense mechanisms, as well as Lacan’s mirror stage and the concept of “the gaze of the Other.” Nina’s dependent relationship with her mother, the pressure of perfectionism, and her transformation on stage are interpreted as artistic expressions of the unconscious. Hallucinations, psychotic elements, and the distortion of reality in the film reflect the protagonist’s psychological breakdown and identity crisis. In this context, Black Swan stands out as a significant example of psychoanalytic film analysis, demonstrating how unconscious processes can be represented through cinematic narrative.

Cognitive Behavioral Therapy in Generalized Anxiety Disorder: A Case Report

Serdal BORAN, Meryem KARAAZİZ — Fri, 20 Jun 2025 00:00:00 +0300

In this study, the treatment process of a patient with generalized anxiety disorder carried out with the cognitive behavioral therapy school is discussed. It is aimed to contribute to the literature on how cognitive behavioral therapy is used in cases of generalized anxiety disorder. During the psychotherapy process; Psychoeducation, Socratic questioning, homework, cognitive and behavioral interventions were used. A total of 11 sessions were held, one session per week, each session lasting 45 minutes. It has been observed that the patient and therapist work collaboratively during the therapy process and that the therapy process has a positive contribution to the patient.

Depression and Anxiety: The Dual Burden of the Mind

Emel SUNAR, Meryem KARAAZİZ — Fri, 20 Jun 2025 00:00:00 +0300

Depression has been known as a mental disorder since ancient times. In the 5th century BC, Hippocrates defined depression as “melancholia” and suggested that it was caused by an accumulation of black bile in the body. Before Hippocrates, depression was associated with supernatural forces and believed to be sent to cause suffering. During the Middle Ages, depression was often linked to religious beliefs, but scholars such as Ibn Sina approached it as both a physical and mental disorder. In the 19th century, Sigmund Freud examined depression from a psychoanalytic perspective, arguing that inner conflicts and anger related to losses led to depression. In the mid-20th century, biochemical research revealed the effects of neurotransmitters like serotonin and dopamine on depression. Depression is a mood disorder characterized by at least two weeks of depressed mood, low energy, loss of willpower, fatigue, sleep and appetite disturbances, pessimism, and thoughts of suicide. Like depression, anxiety is also a common mental disorder that negatively impacts an individual’s life. Anxiety is defined as a natural response to a threatening or stressful situation. The term “anxiety” is derived from the Latin verb “angere,” which means “to choke” or “to narrow,” reflecting the sense of pressure caused by anxiety. Hippocrates linked anxiety to physical imbalances, while during the Middle Ages, it was explained through supernatural forces. Freud viewed anxiety as a result of repressed emotions, and in the 20th century, biological approaches revealed the effects of neurotransmitters like serotonin and dopamine. Anxiety is characterized by constant worry, restlessness, difficulty concentrating, muscle tension, and sleep problems. In this study, conducted using document analysis, our aim is to understand how depression and anxiety influence each other and shape their effects on individuals, as well as highlight the destructive impacts of these disorders on mental health, relationships, and social life. Depression and anxiety are two disorders that are often seen together and reinforce each other. Depression leads to a loss of energy and motivation, while anxiety creates a constant state of worry, fear, and restlessness. This not only affects an individual’s inner world but also causes significant disruptions in their social and professional lives. The co-occurrence of depression and anxiety greatly reduces the quality of life and can create deep cracks in social relationships. In this context, the goal is to understand depression and anxiety in greater depth and raise societal awareness to minimize the effects of these disorders. Furthermore, by strengthening individuals’ mental health, psychological resilience, communication skills, and social relationships, the aim is to contribute to a more balanced and peaceful life.

A Case Report on the Treatment of Anxiety Disorder with Cognitive Behavioral Therapy

Kardelen ÇAKAL, Meryem KARAAZİZ — Fri, 20 Jun 2025 00:00:00 +0300

In this study, it was determined that the client had anxiety disorder symptoms according to DSM V criteria. The client is a 43-year-old mother of a boy living in Izmir. They live with her husband. The client's father is a retired police officer and her mother is a housewife. She is the oldest child of 6 siblings. She works at a pharmaceutical company. She complains of burnout due to the anxiety she experiences and conflict with her boss. It was observed that she has complaints such as insomnia and appetite problems due to anxiety. L.M. has beliefs such as "strong women are unhappy, I feel anxious if I don't do everything right." The client applied to therapy due to anxiety and somatic problems. The cognitive behavioral school was applied to the client. In the first session, a biographical story was taken and the cognitive behavioral school was explained. The suitability of the school was accepted by the client. Informed consent was given and permission was obtained for scientific contribution. In the fifth session, negative automatic thoughts and basic beliefs were evaluated and cognitive restructuring was carried out. Regular behavioral techniques were worked on and homework was given during the treatment process. The ninth session was the final session. An appointment was made for a check-up 3 weeks later.

Treatment of Depression through Artificial Intelligence-Supported Cognitive Behavioral Therapy

Sümeyra YAKAR, Meryem KARAAZİZ — Fri, 20 Jun 2025 00:00:00 +0300

Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) is a psychotherapy method aimed at changing the negative thought and behavior patterns of individuals. CBT helps people understand how their thoughts, feelings, and behaviors affect each other. CBT aims to recognize negative automatic thoughts and replace them with healthier and more realistic thoughts. It also includes behavioral interventions to change harmful behaviors. CBT, which is a short-term and structured therapy, is usually an effective method in the treatment of various psychological problems such as depression, anxiety, and stress.

Depression is a psychological disorder that manifests itself with symptoms such as low mood for a long time, loss of energy and interest, difficulty in thinking and daily activities. Symptoms of depression include sadness, hopelessness, lack of self-confidence, sleep problems, changes in appetite, and difficulty concentrating. Physical symptoms can also be seen.

This study presents an examination on the use of artificial intelligence in the treatment of depression and its compatibility with cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT). It discusses the options offered by artificial intelligence as well as traditional methods in the treatment of depression. In particular, in line with the basic principles of CBT, it is emphasized how artificial intelligence can be used effectively in therapeutic processes.

The article examines the current developments in the literature on the use of artificial intelligence in the treatment of depression and emphasizes that the adaptation of this technology to psychotherapy processes includes both opportunities and challenges. In conclusion, the article reveals the combination of artificial intelligence with CBT in the treatment of depression.